Volver al
artículo.
Referencias para el artículo
- Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Cote P. The Saskatchewan health and back pain survey.
The prevalence of low back pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults. Spine
1998;23:1860–6.
- Cohen KB. Pregnancy and low back pain. California Chiropractic
Journal 1989;November:43–7.
- Kelsey JL, Githens PB, O’Conner T, et al. Acute prolapsed lumbar
intervertebral disc. An epidemiologic study with special reference to driving automobiles and
cigarette smoking. Spine 1984;9:608–13.
- Frymoyer JW. Lumbar disk disease: epidemiology. Instr Course Lect
1992;41:217–23 [review].
- Andersson GBJ. Diagnostic considerations in patients with back pain. Phys
Med Rehabil Clin N Am 1998;9:309–22.
- Smedley J, Inskip H, Cooper C, et al. Natural history of low back pain. A
longitudinal study in nurses. Spine 1998;23:2422–6.
- Skargren EI, Carlsson PG, Oberg BE. One-year follow-up comparison of the cost
and effectiveness of chiropractic and physiotherapy as primary management for back pain.
Subgroup analysis, recurrence, and additional health care utilization. Spine
1998;23:1875–83.
- MacDonald MJ, Sorock GS, Volinn E, et al. A descriptive study of recurrent low
back pain claims. J Occup Environ Med 1997;39:35–43.
- Thomas E, Silman AJ, Croft PR, et al. Predicting who develops chronic low back
pain in primary care: a prospective study. BMJ 1999;318:1662–7.
- Leboeuf-Yde C, Yashin A. Smoking and low back pain: is the association real?
J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1995;18:457–63 [review].
- Leboeuf-Yde C, Kyvik KO, Bruun NH. Low back pain and lifestyle. Part 1:
Smoking. Information from a population-based sample of 29,424 twins. Spine
1998;23:2207–13.
- An HS, Silveri CP, Simpson JM, et al. Comparison of smoking habits between
patients with surgically confirmed herniated lumbar and cervical disc disease and controls.
J Spinal Disord 1994;7:369–73.
- Battie MC, Videman T, Gill K, et al. 1991 Volvo Award in clinical sciences.
Smoking and lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration: an MRI study of identical twins.
Spine 1991;16:1015–21.
- Ernst E. Smoking is a risk factor for spinal diseases. Hypothesis of the
pathomechanism. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1992;104:626–30 [in German, review].
- Rasmussen C. Lumbar disc herniation: favourable outcome associated with intake
of wine. Eur Spine J 1998;7:24–8.
- Salminen JJ, Erkintalo M, Laine M, Pentti J. Low back pain in the young. A
prospective three-year follow-up study of subjects with and without low back pain.
Spine 1995;20:2101–7.
- Videman T, Battie MC, Gibbons LE, et al. Lifetime exercise and disk
degeneration: an MRI study of monozygotic twins. Med Sci Sports Exerc
1997;29:1350–6.
- Campello M. Nordin M. Weiser S. Physical exercise and low back pain. Scand
J Med Sci Sports 1996;6:63–72 [review].
- Manniche C. Assessment and exercise in low back pain. With special reference
to the management of pain and disability following first time lumbar disc surgery. Dan Med
Bull 1995;42:301–13 [review].
- Torstensen TA, Ljunggren AE, Meen HD, et al. Efficiency and costs of medical
exercise therapy, conventional physiotherapy, and self-exercise in patients with chronic low
back pain. Spine 1998;23:2616–24.
- Bentsen H, Lindgarde F, Manthorpe R. The effect of dynamic strength back
exercise and/or a home training program in 57-year-old women with chronic low back pain.
Results of a prospective randomized study with a 3-year follow-up period. Spine
1997;22:1494–500.
- Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, et al. Intensive, dynamic back-muscle exercises,
conventional physiotherapy, or placebo-control treatment of low-back pain. A randomized,
observer-blind trial. Spine 1993;18:98–108.
- Friedrich M, Gittler G, Halberstadt Y, et al. Combined exercise and motivation
program: effect on the compliance and level of disability of patients with chronic low back
pain: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998;79:475–87.
- Rosen NB, Hoffberg HJ. Conservative management of low back pain. Phys Med
Rehabil Clin N Am 1998;9:435–64.
- Waddell G, Feder G, Lewis M. Systematic reviews of bed rest and advice to stay
active for acute low back pain. Br J Gen Pract 1997;47:647–52.
- Allen C, Glasziou P, Del Mar C. Bed rest: a potentially harmful treatment
needing more careful evaluation. Lancet 1999;354:1229–33 [review].
- Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Understanding acute low back
problems (patient guide). Rockville, MD: US Dept of Health and Human Services, 1994,
10.
- Hingorani K. Oral enzyme therapy in severe back pain. Br J Clin Pract
1968;22:209–10.
- Gaspardy G, Balint G, Mitsuova M, et al. Treatment of sciatica due to
intervertebral disc herniation with Chymoral tablets. Rheum Phys Med
1971;11:14–9.
- Gibson T, Dilke TFW, Grahame R. Chymoral in the treatment of lumbar disc
prolapse. Rheumatol Rehabil 1975;14:186–90.
- Ehrenpreis S. Analgesic properties of enkephalinase inhibitors: animal and
human studies. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985;192:363–70 [review].
- Balagot RC, Ehrenpreis S, Kubota K, Greenberg J. Advances in Pain Research
and Therapy, Vol 5, Bonica JJ, Liebsekind JC, Albe-Fessard DG (eds), Raven Press, New
York, 1983, 289–93.
- Gaby AR. Editor’s Corner. Northwest Acad Prev Med 1983;July:3,
5, 8.
- Walsh NE, Ramamurthy S, Schoenfeld L, Hoffman J. Analgesic effectiveness of
d-phenylalanine in chronic pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil
1986;67:436–9.
- Kitade T, Odahara Y, Shinohara S, et al. Studies on the enhanced effect of
acupuncture analgesia and acupuncture anesthesia by D-phenylalanine (2nd
report)—schedule of administration and clinical effects in low back pain and tooth
extraction. Acupunct Electrother Res 1990;15:121–35.
- Schwieger G, Karl H, Schonhaber E. Relapse prevention of painful vertebral
syndromes in follow-up treatment with a combination of vitamins B1, B6, and B12. Ann NY
Acad Sci 1990;585:54–62.
- Kuhlwein A, Meyer HJ, Koehler CO. Reduced diclofenac administration by B
vitamins: results of a randomized double-blind study with reduced daily doses of diclofenac
(75 mg diclofenac versus 75 mg diclofenac plus B vitamins) in acute lumbar vertebral
syndromes. Klin Wochenschr 1990;68:107–15 [in German].
- Bruggemann G, Koehler CO, Koch EM. Results of a double-blind study of
diclofenac + vitamin B1, B6, B12 versus diclofenac in patients with acute pain of the lumbar
vertebrae. A multicenter study. Klin Wochenschr 1990;68:116–20 [in
German].
- Vetter G, Bruggemann G, Lettko M, et al. Shortening diclofenac therapy by B
vitamins. Results of a randomized double-blind study, diclofenac 50 mg versus diclofenac 50 mg
plus B vitamins, in painful spinal diseases with degenerative changes. Z Rheumatol
1988;47:351–62 [in German].
- Seligman B. Bromelain: An anti-inflammatory agent. Angiology
1962;13:508–10.
- Castell JV, Friedrich G, Kuhn CS, et al. Intestinal absorption of undegraded
proteins in men: presence of bromelain in plasma after oral intake. Am J Physiol
1997;273:G139–46.
- Miller JM. Absorption of orally introduced proteolytic enzymes. Clin
Med 1968;75:35–42 [review].
- Masson M. Bromelain in the treatment of blunt injuries to the musculoskeletal
system. A case observation study by an orthopedic surgeon in private practice. Fortschr
Med 1995;113(19):303–6.
- Miller JN, Ginsberg M, McElfatrick GC, et al. The administration of bromelain
orally in the treatment of inflammation and edema. Exp Med Surg
1964;22:293–9.
- Cirelli MG. Five years experience with bromelains in therapy of edema and
inflammation in postoperative tissue reaction, skin infections and trauma. Clin Med
1967;74:55–9.
- Vallis C, Lund M. Effect of treatment with Carica papaya on resolution of
edema and ecchymosis following rhinoplasty. Curr Ther Res 1969;11:356–9.
- Trickett P. Proteolytic enzymes in treatment of athletic injuries. Appl
Ther 1964;6:647–52.
- Sweeny FJ. Treatment of athletic injuries with an oral proteolytic enzyme.
Med Times 1963:91:765.
- Greenwood J. Optimum vitamin C intake as a factor in the preservation of disc
integrity. Med Ann District of Columbia 1964;33:274–6.
- Rask MR. Colchicine and disk disease. JAMA 1986;255:2447
[letter/review].
- Rask MR. Colchicine use in 6000 patients with disk disease and other related
resistantly-painful spinal disorders. J Neurol Orthopaed Med Surg
1989;10:291–8.
- Rask MR. Colchicine use in five hundred patients with disk disease. J
Neurol Orth Surg 1980;1(5):1–19.
- Simmons JW, Harris WP, Koulisis CW, et al. Intravenous colchicine for low back
pain: A double blind study. Spine 1990;15:716–7.
- Chrubasik S, Eisenberg E, Balan E, et al. Treatment of low back pain
exacerbations with willow bark extract: A randomized double-blind study. Am J Med
2000;109:9–14.
- Fusco BM, Giacovazzo M. Peppers and pain. The promise of capsaicin.
Drugs 1997;53:909–14 [review].
- Schnitzer TJ. Non-NSAID pharmacologic treatment options for the management of
chronic pain. Am J Med 1998;105:45S–52S [review].
- Siften DW (ed). Physicians’ Desk Reference for Nonprescription
Drugs. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics, 1998, 790–1.
- Rumsfield JA, West DP. Topical capsaicin in dermatologic and peripheral pain
disorders. DICP 1991;25:381–7 [review].
- Chrubasik S, Zimpfer C, Schutt U, Ziegler R. Effectiveness of Harpagophytum
procumbens in treatment of acute low back pain. Phytomed 1996;3:1–10.
- Chrubasik S, Junck H, Breitschwerdt H, et al. Effectiveness of
Harpagophytum extract WS 1531 in the treatment of exacerbation of low back pain: a
randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Eur J Anesthesiology
1999;16:118–29.
- Hong CZ, Shellock FG. Effects of a topically applied counterirritant
(Eucalyptamint) on cutaneous blood flow and on skin and muscle temperatures. A
placebo-controlled study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1991;70:29–33.
- Satoskar RR, Shah SJ, Shenoy SG. Evaluation of antiinflammatory property of
curcumin (diferuloyl methane) in patients with postoperative inflammation. Int J Clin
Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1986;24:651–4.
- Ghatak N, Basu N. Sodium curcuminate as an effective anti-inflammatory agent.
Indian J Exp Biol 1972;10:235–6.
- Chandra D, Gupta SS. Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of volatile
oil of curcuma longa (Haldi). Indian J Med Res 1972;60:138–42.
- Kulkarni RR, Patki PS, Jog VP, et al. Treatment of osteoarthritis with a
herbomineral formulation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. J
Ethnopharmacol 1991;33:91–5.
- Lu J. J Tradit Chin Med The clinical application of yanglingquan (GB
34) point. 1993;13:179–81.
- Shen X. Acupuncture treatment for kidney deficiency with combined application
of points mingmen and guanyuan. J Tradit Chin Med 1996;16:275–7.
- Sun LY.Efficacy of acupuncture in treating 100 cases of lumbago. J Tradit
Chin Med 1987;7:23–4.
- Wang YY. Electro-acupuncture treatment of 55 cases of soft tissue lumbar pain.
J Tradit Chin Med 1987;7:72.
- Weiss SL. Acupuncture in low back pain. Med Times
1975;103:137–9, 144–6.
- Wilber MC.Sedation of active acupuncture loci in the management of low back
pain. Am J Chin Med 1975;3:275–9.
- Leung PC. Treatment of low back pain with acupuncture. Am J Chin Med
1979; 7:372–8.
- MacPherson H, Gould AJ, Fitter M. Acupuncture for low back pain: results of a
pilot study for a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med
1999;7:83–90.
- Junnila SY. Long-term treatment of chronic pain with acupuncture. Part I.
Acupunct Electrother Res 1987;12:23–36.
- Hackett GI, Seddon D, Kaminski D.Electroacupuncture compared with paracetamol
for acute low back pain. Practitioner 1988;232:163–4.
- Macdonald AJ, Macrae KD, Master BR, Rubin AP. Superficial acupuncture in the
relief of chronic low back pain. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1983;65:44–6.
- Thomas M, Lundberg T. Importance of modes of acupuncture in the treatment of
chronic nociceptive low back pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994;38:63–9.
- Edelist G, Gross AE, Langer F. Treatment of low back pain with acupuncture.
Can Anaesth Soc J 1976;23:303–6.
- Mendelson G, Selwood TS, Kranz H, et al. Acupuncture treatment of chronic back
pain. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Am J Med 1983;74:49–55.
- Lehmann TR, Russell DW, Spratt KF, et al. Efficacy of electroacupuncture and
TENS in the rehabilitation of chronic low back pain patientsPain
1986;26:277–90.
- Laitinen J. Acupuncture and transcutaneous electric stimulation in the
treatment of chronic sacrolumbalgia and ischialgia. Am J Chin Med
1976;4:169–75.
- Grant DJ, Bishop-Miller J, Winchester DM, et al. A randomized comparative
trial of acupuncture versus transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for chronic back pain
in the elderly. Pain 1999;82:9–13.
- Grant DJ, Bishop-Miller J, Winchester DM, et al. A randomized comparative
trial of acupuncture versus transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for chronic back pain
in the elderly. Pain 1999;82:9–13.
- Wedenberg K, Moen B, Norling A. A prospective randomized study comparing
acupuncture with physiotherapy for low-back and pelvic pain in pregnancy. Acta Obstet
Gynecol Scand 2000;79:331–5.
- Ernst E, White AR. Acupuncture for back pain: a meta-analysis of randomized
controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:2235–41.
- van Tulder MW, Cherkin DC, Berman B, et al. The effectiveness of acupuncture
in the management of acute and chronic low back pain. A systematic review within the framework
of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 1999;24:1113–23.
- Longworth W, McCarthy PW. A review of research on acupuncture for the
treatment of lumbar disc protrusions and associated neurological symptomatology. J Altern
Complement Med 1997;3:55–76 [review].
- Bigos SJ (chair). Acute Low Back Problems in Adults. Clinical Practice
Guideline, Number 14. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994,
49–50 [review].
- Bigos SJ, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute Low Back Problems in
Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline, Number 14. AHCPR Publication No. 95–0642.
Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, US
Department of Health and Human Services, December 1994, 34–6 [review].
- Koes BW, Assendelft WJ, van der Heijden GJ, Bouter LM. Spinal manipulation for
low back pain. An updated systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Spine
1996;21;2860–71 [review].
- Verhoef MJ, Page SA, Waddell SC. The Chiropractic Outcome Study: pain,
functional ability and satisfaction with care. J Manipulative Physiol Ther
1997;20:235–40.
- Koes BW, Assendelft WJ, van der Heijden GJ, Bouter LM. Spinal manipulation for
low back pain. An updated systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Spine
1996;21:2860–71 [review].
- van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM. Conservative treatment of acute and chronic
nonspecific low back pain. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of the most
common interventions. Spine 1997;22:2128–56.
- Skargren EI, Carlsson PG, Oberg BE. One-year follow-up comparison of the cost
and effectiveness of chiropractic and physiotherapy as primary management for back pain.
Subgroup analysis, recurrence, and additional health care utilization. Spine
1998;23:1875–83.
- Andersson GBJ, Lucente T, Davis AM, et al. A comparison of osteopathic spinal
manipulation with standard care for patients with low back pain. N Engl J Med
1999;341:1426–31.
- Powell FC, Hanigan WC, Olivero WC. A risk/benefit analysis of spinal
manipulation therapy for relief of lumbar or cervical pain. Neurosurgery
1993;33:73–8 [review].
- Ye RB, Zhou JX, Gan MX. Clinical and CT analysis of 35 cases of lumbar disc
herniation before and after non-operative treatment. Chung His I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih
1990;10:667–8645 [in Chinese].
- Anonymous. Manipulation for sciatica: promising results. The
BackLetter 1998;13:122, 125.
- Kuo PP, Loh Z. Treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc protrusions by
manipulation. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1987;215:47–55.
- Chrisman D, Mittnacht A, Snook GA. A study of the results following rotatory
manipulation in the lumbar intervertebral disc syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg
1964;46A:517–24.
- Nwuga VCB. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and
conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med
1982;61:273–8.
- Stern PJ, Cote P, Cassidy JD. A series of consecutive cases of low back pain
with radiating leg pain treated by chiropractors. J Manipulative Physiol
1995;18:335–42.
- Giles LG, Muller R. Chronic spinal pain syndromes: a clinical pilot trial
comparing acupuncture, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and spinal manipulation. J
Manipulative Physiol Ther 1999;22:376–81.
- Ernst E. Massage therapy for low back pain: a systematic review. J Pain
Symptom Manage 1999;17:65–9 [review].
- Vlaeyen JW, Haazen IW, Schuerman JA, et al. Behavioural rehabilitation of
chronic low back pain: comparison of an operant treatment, an operant-cognitive treatment and
an operant-respondent treatment. Br J Clin Psychol 1995;34:95–118.
- Newton-John TR, Spence SH, Schotte D. Cognitive-behavioural therapy versus EMG
biofeedback in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Behav Res Ther
1995;33:691–7.
- Bush C, Ditto B, Feuerstein M. A controlled evaluation of paraspinal EMG
biofeedback in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Health Psychol
1985;4:307–21.
- Stuckey SJ, Jacobs A, Goldfarb J. EMG biofeedback training, relaxation
training, and placebo for the relief of chronic back pain. Percept Mot Skills
1986;63:1023–36.
- Flor H, Birbaumer N. Comparison of the efficacy of electromyographic
biofeedback, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and conservative medical interventions in the
treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain. J Consult Clin Psychol
1993;61:653–8.
- Thomas E, Silman AJ, Croft PR, et al. Predicting who develops chronic low back
pain in primary care: a prospective study. BMJ 1999;318:1662–7.
- Heliovaara M, Knekt P, Aromaa A. Incidence and risk factors of herniated
lumbar intervertebral disc or sciatica leading to hospitalization. J Chronic Dis
1987;40:251–8.